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We set I frame for the first coding frame and P frame for the second frame.
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In our implementation, we use high-quality LTR (HQLTR) and high-quality intra-(I -frame for better performance.
Table 3 summarizes the percentages of IPLB mode employed in I-frames for the LH scheme.
Matsuoka's algorithm inserts extra I-frames not only for the AGOP (e.g., 21 I-frames for Mixed A or Mixed B sequences at QP = 40), but also their false SCD (e.g., 40 I-frames for Mixed B video sequence at QP = 40).
While the proposed method only inserts ten I-frames at the SCD locations (based on the SAD ratios) for all cases, Ding's method sometimes inserts extra I-frames (e.g., 11 I-frames for Mixed B video at QP = 40) besides SCD locations for their AGOP technique.
The round dot dashed line shows the reference structure for the I frame, the long dashed line shows the reference structure for the P frame, and the solid dashed line shows the reference structure for the B frame.
These frames are included into 2250 packets (463 packets for I frame, 453 packets for P frame, and 1334 packets for B- rame) and are introduced to the NS2 by using an MPEG-4 video trace file.
In H.264/AVC, there are modes used for predicting a block in an I frame and modes for predicting a block from its neighbors [25, 26].
A maximum of multifractal spectra is the lowest for I frame types, followed by the maximum for B frame types and for the P frame types.
At the encoder, for an H.264/AVC intra-coded I frame, the important data for each macroblock (MB) are extracted and embedded into the next frame by the proposed MB-interleaving slice-based data embedding scheme for I frames.
NZTC I = a 1 R I + b 1 (6) Figure 5 Relationship of bit-rate and NZTC for I frame.
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