This redox-responsive zinc-ion cycling suggests a mechanism for rapid, regulated group I intron dispersal under conditions of oxidative stress.
Eel life-cycle is divided into three phases: (i) larval dispersal and glass eel recruitment, (ii) growing phase in the continent and (iii) adult migration and reproduction.
A number of observational and manipulative experiments were used to test the hypotheses that: (i) limited-dispersal ability limits the colonisation of new plants onto artificial structures, (ii) vertical substratum slope negatively influences the survivorship of recruits, and (iii) vertical substratum slope also negatively influences the survivorship and fitness of adults.
When flying foxes were abundant (relative to food plant availability), they generally produced high-quantity and high-quality components of seed dispersal (i.e. they dispersed many seeds and dispersed them away from the parent canopy).
In many cases, sexual reproduction in such taxa is associated with the formation of dormant stages that ensure population survival during unfavourable periods (i.e., dispersal through time), as well as spatial dispersal [ 3].
First, we should expect a net decrease in the quantitative aspects of dispersal, i.e., a significant decrease in the total number of seeds successfully dispersed away from the maternal plant, especially for large-seeded species [65], [67], [72], [92].
The results also show that models of continuous dispersal (i.e., CD Anatolia, CD Levant) fit the craniometric data significantly better than single dispersal models (i.e., SD Anatolia, SD Levant).
Compared to high mountains, the genetic structure of P. eunomia populations in the lowlands of central Europe corresponds to (i) a lower dispersal rate leading to a lower neighbourhood size, and (ii) for the individuals which do disperse to a more efficient dispersal power preventing thus isolation by distance in lowland areas of relative high connectivity.
Fine sediment retention can be accompanied by deposition of seeds transported by water dispersal, i.e. by hydrochory.
Logging trucks were responsible for 97% of seed dispersal (i.e., 1270 seeds/m2) along roadsides, and Veldman and Putz (2010) concluded that bulldozing facilitates the spread of propagules into the forest.
