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Human transport is the only way the fungus could have travelled from Patagonia to Europe, but exploration of the New World did not begin until the end of the 15th century, and Patagonia was not reached until the 16th.
Human transport to relatively disturbed urban areas thus became the decisive factor to induce parasite release, a well established general promoter of invasiveness in non-social animals and plants, but understudied in invasive social insects.
But the insects don't wait for human transport.
Meanwhile, similar technology is being tested as a potential method of human transport.
The view from here neatly encapsulates the history of human transport since that iron was forged into machines.
Introduced populations form new colonies by budding (wingless queens and workers travel on the ground to a form a new nest) and jumping (movement by human transport).
Similar(21)
We see this in many forms with telepresence robots, a host of vacuum cleaning robots, swarms of drones/UAVs, underwater vehicles, and cars themselves evolving into human transporting mobile robots.
However, we find this unlikely given the structure of the data, the number of unique haplotypes on the Mascarenes, and the fact that Nephila is not synanthrophic in the area and thus not likely human transported.
Because of the popularity in dove hunting, it is not unlikely that the northern expansion of these doves has been augmented by humans transport to stock fields for recreational shooting, however, this has not been officially documented.
But it was momentous: cuscus bones excavated from the floor of a New Ireland cave are some of the oldest archeological evidence of humans transporting an animal species to a new environment.
Therefore, it seems most likely that humans transported the seed that founded this population, and several lines of evidence indicate that this same population was involved in the formation of A. hypogaea.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com