A total of 96, 118, 132 and 127 TF genes exhibited differential expression under low salinity, high salinity, submergence and salt + submergence stress conditions, respectively.
Skin friction dominates at high relative submergence (Y ≫ D) and models for such conditions are based on boundary layer theory and the results of its application to engineering studies of pipe flow.
Assessments of the predictive performance of a variety of flow resistance equations suggest that the dimensionless hydraulic geometry equation for low-high relative submergence performs best, closely followed by the logarithmic flow law and the variable power flow law.
However, among the 790 genes commonly regulated by both high salinity and submergence stresses, most (78.2%) exhibited opposite responses (473 up-regulated under high salinity but down-regulated under submergence stress and 145 down-regulated under high salinity but up-regulated under submergence stress).
These adaptive traits enable rice plants to have high tolerance to submergence or waterlogging compared with other dryland crops.
IRRI has also shared with them early generation material combining high Zn and submergence tolerance, for further evaluation and selection in Bangladesh environments.
Porteresia coarctata is a wild relative of rice with capability of high salinity and submergence tolerance.
The high mortality during submergence reduced competition and allowed for the growth of more tillers per hill during recovery, particularly in the sensitive genotypes.
Although leaf senescence is controlled mainly by developmental age, it can be modulated or triggered by adverse environmental factors such as temperature, high salinity, drought, submergence, ozone, constant darkness, nutrient deficiency, light and pathogen infection [ 2– 8].
However, at higher scrubber nozzle submergence, the nozzle inlet pressure did not significantly influence the scrubbing efficiency.
