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Figure 3 supports this hypothesis suggesting that Nordic economies, characterised by their high centralisation, strong trade unions and effective governments are different.
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Centrality in this context refers to the most extensively linked actors in the network with higher centralisation index scores indicating greater network centralisation [ 39].> Egocentric networks are by definition focussed around one person, however in spousal networks in this study, the spouse often interacts with professional caregivers and can be instrumental in maintaining social networks.
From the perspective of a PCN structure, a high betweenness centralisation indicates that the structure of the corresponding PCN follows a star-like or centralised structure since betweenness centralisation reaches its highest value of 1 for a star network.
Mr Congdon's view, that a single currency will work only if it is paired with "a comprehensive scheme of European political union", surely implies the need for a high degree of centralisation.
Government in France is known for its high degree of centralisation but in March 2003 parliament approved amendments to the constitution allowing for the devolution of quite wide-ranging powers to the regions and departments.
Wage bargaining in most European countries occurs between workers' and employers' associations, often at higher levels of centralisation than the firm level (such as the sector and the region level).
But sticks and carrots are more centralised management tools, and the cost of centralisation may be high.
12 21–24 High volume surgery is facilitated by centralisation of the care for patients with oesophageal cancer.
The theoretical and empirical literature shows that the impact of labour taxes on labour costs and unemployment is higher in economies with an intermediate centralisation of the wage bargaining process and a strong trade union presence (see Calmfors and Driffill 1988; Alesina and Perotti 1997; Daveri and Tabellini 2000).
He pulled Labour back to the old model of clipboards and cold-calling, centralisation and commands from on high.
Bulgaria is a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com