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Given the observation that each column only has at most one contiguous white area, an interesting scheme was devised to generate video frames.
Given the observation that horse races, both flat racing and harness racing, are segregated by gender whereas Greyhound races are not, the research hypothesized that a difference between the sexes would occur in horses but not dogs".
Given the observation that the streets are wet we may infer the explanation that it has been raining recently.
Given the observation consisting of N discrete samples, denoted by y(n), n = 0,1,2,...,N - 1, we firstly construct a covariance matrix A = y T y.
Given the observation residual and the heading change in the current prediction, these rules are used to determine the magnitude of the fading factor of RLSF.
Given the observation samples, our goal is to find the minimum mean square estimator of the unknown clock offset, which is given by (1).
Given the observation that we should cite both genealogy and developmental mechanisms to understand why zebras have stripes, should we infer, as Devitt does, that the taxon Zebra has an intrinsic essence?
Given the observation that S. aureus SpA binds to osteoblasts we next investigated if SpA had any effect on osteoblast survival or proliferation.
Given the observation that MKK3 is required for IL-12 production, this may also explain the preferential effect for exogenous IFN on increasing IL-12p40 levels [31].
Given the observation that the HER-2ECD polyserum was less sensitive to protein structure, we hypothesized that this polyserum would also prove to be more cross-reactive.
Given the observation that nicotine can induce tumor growth and promote metastasis [20], [45], [49], attempts were made to understand the molecular events mediating these processes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com