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It is related to international differences in legal systems and geographic traits, and to pure proximity to other high-productivity workers.
The overall association between geographic traits and phylogeny was assessed by AI and PS (Table 3).
Our novel contribution is to show that depth-related geographic traits are more important for explaining risk than geographic range per se.
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Patterns of geographic trait covariation can also arise if one species adapts to another but not vice versa (i.e., unilateral evolution instead of coevolution).
Thus, although the orchids are not directly involved in a coevolutionary race with the flies, coevolution still affects them indirectly because they have to keep pace with the coevolutionary race between the flies and other rewarding plants, leading to identical patterns of geographic trait matching (Fig. 5).
For example, host shifts within a species may be due to geographic trait shifts of a tree species as in Mango trees.
The lines are the best fits from General Linear Mixed-effects Models, with maximum body size and geographic distribution traits treated as fixed effects and taxonomy hierarchy as a random effect to account for phylogenetic non-independence.
Two of the diverse gall-inducing groups in this study, Euurina and Apiomorpha, occur on host taxa (Salix and Eucalyptus respectively) that are persistent and locally abundant over vast geographic spaces, traits thought to reduce a lineage's probability of extinction.
This is because many other processes can also give rise to the geographic covariation of traits.
Additional testing of the hypotheses presented in this work in combination with improved larval rearing techniques will help elucidate functional variation in natural coral populations and enhance conservation and restoration efforts by allowing managers to consider geographic variation in traits of importance to coral survival.
Jablonski (2008) lists a dozen broad categories of such traits, geographic range and patchiness, population size, structure, and genetic variability among them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com