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The photons in the laser pulse have energies above the bandgap, so they are absorbed by the semiconductor and generate excess charge carriers.
The soft errors occurred by helium ions were induced by a floating body effect due to generated excess charge carriers in the channel regions.
The soft errors, occurred by oxygen ions with energies at and below 12.5 MeV, were induced by a floating body effect due to the generated excess charge carriers in the channel regions and those with energies at and above 13.0 MeV were induced by both the floating body effect and generated excess carriers.
A short laser pulse, with a constant pulse width of tp = 200 ns optically generated excess charge carriers.
The computer calculation indicated that the oxygen ions with energies above 13.0 MeV generated more excess charge carriers than the critical charge of the 90 nm node SOI SRAM with the designed over-layer thickness.
Herein, IT of PtCl42− ions from W to IL not merely neutralizes the excess charges generated in each liquid phase by ET, but also provides PtCl42− into IL as reactants for the growth of Pt nanofibers that takes place at the IL side of the IL|W interface.
The counterions (Br− and HS−) are present at the surface of bilayer thus generating excess negative charge again.
We will investigate whether hedge funds actually generate excess returns to investors or simply charge high fees and benefit from market risk premiums.
At the cathode, electrolysis should generate excess OH– ions and elevate the local pH causing proteins to increases in negative charge and mobility.
On bright sunny days, the solar farms generate excess power.
She looks for niche leaders with profitable businesses that generate excess cash flow but are undervalued.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com