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Therefore, the effect of the channel is a multiplicative gain term on the received signal level.
Then, the backstepping method is applied to determine the unknown observer gain term.
This is achieved by weighting the information gain term I(x t ) in the objective function sufficiently (λ2).
The magnitude of the observer gain term can be traded for lower decay rates of the observer error.
In case of an additional fan (for example in low temperature chimneys) a pressure gain term Δ ˜ p f a n / L is introduced, where L is the reference value for the length of the chimney.
It is assumed that transmission chain is properly normalized so that the received SNR = 1 / σ n 2 ; with this normalization, we can properly delete the channel complex gain term from the mathematical expression of the channel.
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The gain terms that maximize the likelihood can be computed as in [26].
The values of the learning rate, momentum and the gain terms were taken as 0.8, 0.8 and 1.0, respectively.
Based on the low-gain controller, a high-gain term is further added to improve the system transient performance.
Think about it very, very carefully.' I'll tell them: short-term gain, long-term pain.
Only at year-end can they identify how much is long-term gain, short-term gain and dividend income.
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