The research also highlights the contradiction of governments seeking to maximise their nation's fossil fuel extraction, as in the UK, while simultaneously pledging to limit global warming to 2C.
But universities have found themselves in an unaccustomed spotlight over the last few months as student campaigners have called on them to withdraw their investments from companies involved in the extraction of fossil fuels.
Results suggested there may be as much as 158 million barrels of oil per square mile, causing consternation for critics of extreme energy extraction.
"I'm very pro-environment, all we want is a sustainable resource on a limited extraction.
For the non-fashion-savvy, Oscar de la Renta is the octogenarian US designer of Dominican extraction most famous for dressing Nancy Reagan and Jackie Kennedy in haute conventional style, while John Galliano is the fiftysomething British designer famous for dressing (and drinking) like a pirate.
But to defuse any possible tensions, the authorities had decided that the teams should mix together as they lined up and that the Marseillaise should be sung by Lââm, a young R&B singer of Franco-Tunisian extraction.
Both proposals, represented by Arjuna Capital and nonprofit As You Sow, aim to pressure oil companies to stop investing in expensive fossil-fuel extraction projects – such as ultra deepwater, arctic drilling and tar sands projects – and instead share that money with investors as dividends.
As well as locking in decades of some of the dirtiest fossil fuel production, extraction is an exceptionally carbon intensive process.
In her first interview since being appointed, Amber Rudd told the Sunday Times the government would push ahead with its promises to expedite the extraction of shale gas and change the law to allow frackers to drill beneath national parks.
"Between 2010 and 2014, the oil, coal, gas, utility, and natural resource extraction industries spent $1.8bn on lobbying, much of it in defence of these giveaways," according to Sanders and Ellison.
It is irresponsible to destroy these habitats in a few years to facilitate the extraction of a finite and highly polluting energy resource".
