Figure 10 also shows the variability in thicknesses recorded at just one of the Kodiak sample sites - Site X 7. Fig. 10 Variability of Novarupta (1912) tephra thickness at 26 sample sites on the north eastern portion of Kodiak Island and tephra thicknesses at Kodiak Site X 7 (location on Fig. 3), an exposure spanning just 120 m in length.
These studies made linear extrapolations of historic exposure (spanning ≥ 20 30 years) assuming that the estimated exposures applied uniformly across a spatially dispersed cohort.
The era of exposure spanned several decades, mainly from 1940s to 1970s for study I, and from 1960s to 1990s in study II.
The present longitudinal study with a relatively large number of participants and relatively large exposure spans investigated the associations between pregnancy concentrations of PFOS and PFOA at background exposure levels and motor development and behaviour in 5-9-year old children.
In the mouse, when BPA exposure spanned the period from before implantation to weaning, BPA exposure accelerated airways AHR to allergen challenge and increased eosinophils in the lavage fluid in the offspring of BPA-exposed dams (Midoro-Horiuti et al. 2010).
With a half-life of 29 years and the shorter penetration range of beta decay, intake of Sr would be expected to result in long-term exposure spanning the lifetime of an individual [ 11– 13].
In our experiments, CPF gestational exposure spanned GD15 GD18, thus including the critical developmental window for SON and PVN neuronal precursors; as a consequence, the capacity for neuro peptide synthesis could be persistently affected.
Estimates of actual exposures span approximately 15 and 17 orders of magnitude for iRA and CA, respectively.
Products with direct dermal and inhalation exposures span a wide array of purposes: household cleaning products for furniture, toilet bowls, glass, carpets, etc.; pesticides (including those used on pets); dry cleaning fluids; pre-sale treatments of carpets and draperies for stain resistance and their backings with flame retardants; air fresheners, containing perfumes and aerosol propellants.
