Rather, borrowing, whether from one institution or several, increases personal expenditure, household assets, the labour supply and children's education.
They disputed the pessimistic results reported from many randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and found, on the contrary, that microcredit increases personal expenditure, household assets, labour supply and schooling of children.
Similarly, the economic dimension includes two indicators consumption expenditure and assets.
FCF is free cash flow, defined as (operating cash flows − capital expenditure)/total assets.
Similar to earlier studies that found livelihood groups differ in terms of income generation, expenditure, and assets, this study investigates how these livelihood groups within dryland regions might also differ in how they experience shocks and the degree of their resilience (see Catley et al. 2012; McPeak et al. 2012).
A wealth index defined as a combination of the information on household income, expenditure and assets was used to define the households' economic status [ 21].
The SEIFA sub-code for 'Economic Resources', which includes variables such as income, housing expenditure and assets of households, was used for this analysis.
The survey addressed the four components of rural household livelihoods identified in the conceptual framework: (1) agricultural production; (2) use of agricultural technologies; (3) household income, expenditure, and assets; and (4) resource use and management.
A household survey (n = 280 households, 1446 individuals), stratified by socio-economic status using the surveillance census data as a sampling frame, collected information on illness occurrence, health seeking behavior, household expenditure, and assets owned by the household from two purposively selected communities.
The survey collects information separately for each member of the households in the sample and covers all of the following areas: socio-demographic characteristics, income, expenditure, assets, illness reporting, and health care seeking behaviour, including health expenditure [ 32].
Last year's annual report showed a jump from £79m to £266m in net expenditure on fixed assets and intangibles.
