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The central role of increased IL-10 production by SCFA-treated Th1 cells in suppression of Th1-driven intestinal inflammation is further confirmed by the fact that blockade of IL-10 pathway exacerbated colitis induced by butyrate-treated Th1 cells (Fig. 4).
We show that CCR9−/− animals display exacerbated colitis.
To further investigate why La-IFN-β pretreatment exacerbated colitis, we focused our attention on CD103 DCs.
Consequently, exacerbated colitis correlated with enhanced NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory gene expression in TLE-fed, DSS-exposed NF-κBEGFP mice.
A potential explanation for exacerbated colitis in TLE-treated, DSS-exposed mice may be that TLE impair barrier function thereby increasing the susceptibility of IEC to undergo apoptosis.
Since similar results were obtained with the CCL25−/− strain, these data show that the exacerbated colitis is a consequence of impaired CCL25/CCR9 interaction.
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Since Gpr43−/− Th1 cell induction of severe colitis was accompanied by a lower level of IL-10+ T-cells, and SCFAs drastically increased IL-10 production by Th1 cells through GPR43, we next investigated whether the low level of IL-10 production by Gpr43−/− Th1 cells plays a role in exacerbating colitis development.
These results showed that TLE do not increase NF-κB activity (EGFP expression) nor exacerbate colitis in this spontaneous model.
In our gene expression data, IL-13 is upregulated 2.68 log fold in colitic mice pretreated with La-IFN-β, which again supports our conclusion that La-IFN-β exacerbates colitis and that this may be a result of the inability of IFN-β to signal.
Global deletion of FOXO4 exacerbates colitis in response to inflammatory stimuli [ 6].
Shah and colleagues have reported that HIF expression exacerbates colitis through a MIF-dependent mechanism (Shah et al., 2008).
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