Air defenses had to be destroyed; in order to do this, aircraft had not only to outfly and outgun the weapons but also to foil their guidance mechanisms with electronic countermeasures (ECM).
The most commonly practiced types of electronic warfare are jamming, which falls under the category of electronic countermeasures (ECM), and eavesdropping on enemy communications, which is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT) gathering.
With adequate warning, U.S. fighters could outmaneuver the relatively large missiles, called "flying telephone poles" by pilots, and electronic countermeasures (ECM) reduced the effectiveness of the tracking radars; but, while these SAMs inflicted relatively few losses, they forced U.S. aircraft down to low altitudes, where antiaircraft artillery and small arms exacted a heavy toll.
Trio Mediaeval, "Stella Maris" (ECM): At once more daring and more delicate than Anonymous 4, their predecessors in the a-cappella-female-vocal category, these three Scandinavian singers bring a crystalline magic to a range of ancient and contemporary polyphonic works.
And in Thomas Zehetmair (who has recorded them on ECM) they have an ideal interpreter.
John Surman, "The Spaces in Between" (ECM) — Surman may be best known for playing the least sexy member of the saxophone family — the baritone — yet the sound this British jazz legend obtains from the often ungainly horn is ravishing.
One is the veteran Estonian composer Arvo Pärt, who wields his grave and gentle style with calm authority in his Symphony No. 4, "Los Angeles," performed radiantly by Esa-Pekka Salonen and the Los Angeles Philharmonic on a new disk (ECM).
Keith Jarrett's longtime trio partners, the bassist Gary Peacock and the drummer Jack DeJohnette, get to share in the title credit on the new album Always Let Me Go: Live in Tokyo (ECM).
ECM Universe, an American firm, offers software that crawls sites "rife with extremism" to identify people who deserve closer attention.The legal limits on using social media to fish out likely wrongdoers, or create files on them, are contested.
Niche specialists, such as Harmonia Mundi or ECM, are flourishing.
"Financial markets have been manipulated on a global scale by central banks," says Ross Pamphilon of ECM, a bond-fund manager.Over the past five years, the effect of central-bank policy has been to make valuations seem almost irrelevant.
