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The observation of the system is divided depending on the distance of observation.
Ratios of depth of pit penetration in aquifer to aquifer thickness, pit bottom radius to its top radius, inverse of pit advance time and the HH in the observation wells to the distance of observation wells from the centre of the pit were used as inputs to the networks.
Raskutti and Leckie (1999) suggest four criteria, but two of these four - the compactness of the cluster (i.e. the mean intra-cluster distance of observation from the centroid) and the isolation of the clusters (i.e. the mean inter-cluster distance) - are the ones most commonly used.
The dependent variable in the first analysis was the distance of observation from the nest box of fledging and was transformed by taking the log10 to allow analyses using normal response models.
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This distance was about 30% longer than the average width of a lane and could be considered within the minimal distances of observation that occur in a real situation (urban street).
As it is logical to predict, values of Ls slightly higher than 1.0E + 05 cd/m2 are not disturbing during the day (G < 10), but they exceed by far the tolerable limits during night, with extreme values (G ≈ 1.0E + 04) for short distances of observation.
Using the RSVD the distance of an observation to the subspace spanned by the intact measurements can be computed.
A residual plot allowed visual assessment of the distance of each observation from the fitted line (Figure 1b).
We used the pooled within-group covariance matrix (within genotypes and sexes) to compute the Mahalanobis distance of each observation from the mean shape of its group [27].
It is also possible to apply the v-fold cross-validation method to a range of numbers of clusters in k-means or EM clustering, and observe the resulting average distance of the observations from their cluster centers.
This implies that there is a constant dispersion length irrespective of observation distance.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com