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With only 50% of crimes reported, and more complex ones, such as rape, never reported, we cannot place our decision-making and ethical choices behind data reasoning, Lynch reasoned.
The paper demonstrates the potential of semantic web and its enabling technologies in biological pathway data reasoning and integration.
However, while sensors tend to generate noisy and incomplete quantitative data, reasoning often requires crisp symbolic knowledge.
Using the initials of the four elements (phenomenon, theories, data, reasoning), we name this framework "the PTDR framework for teaching and learning scientific explanation".
Smart City ontology is not yet standardized, and a lot of research work is needed to identify models that can easily support the data reconciliation, the management of the complexity, to allow the data reasoning.
To view data-driven methods as an integrated type, we can re-divide fault diagnosis methods into three subclasses, namely analytical model-based methods, qualitative knowledge-based methods, and data-driven based methods (DDBM), where DDBM can be further divided into data transform based methods (DTBM) and data reasoning based methods (DRBM).
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data-reasoning based methods.
Then we design a hypothetical learning progression of scientific explanation, based on the Phenomena-Theory-Data-Reasoning framework.
More specifically, through linking perspectives on scientific explanations in philosophy of science and in science education, we develop the Phenomena-Theory-Data-Reasoning framework.
There is particular emphasis on the integration of the remote and direct data streams, reasoning that each relies on the other to realize its full potential.
"Arguments do not have to be lengthy, they simply need to be clear, specific, and contain data or reasoning to back up the thinking" [20].
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