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The excluded volume effect at high 'crowding' ensures that the non-covalent forces act over a commensurate distance of about one nanometer [ 40, 41, 44, 45].
Thus, three non-covalent interactions: the hard core excluded volume effect of biomacromolecular crowding (the distances between inert biomacromolecular surfaces), hydration (2 to 4 water molecules) and screened electrostatic forces act over a commensurate distance of just below one nanometer.
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This study predicted that the primate color vision would be efficient at encoding images of reddish or yellowish fruit against a leafy background at viewing distances commensurate with a typical grasping distance of about 40 cm (i.e. at a low spatial frequency).
In addition, a statistical analysis of spatial frequencies of natural images suggests that the spatiochromatic properties of the red-green system of human color vision may be optimized for the encoding of any reddish or yellowish objects on a background of foliage at relatively small viewing distances commensurate with a typical grasping distance [24].
By exploiting block copolymer nanodomains whose repeat distance is commensurate with the length of the individual protein, we determine that fibrinogen exhibits a more neutral tendency for interaction with both polystyrene and poly methyl methacrylate) blocks relative to the case of common globular proteins.
The salient feature of 5 is a bent uranium=cyanate linkage with the cyanate CO portion disordered over two positions (av. U-N-C ∡=138.1°) and a U=Ncyanate bond length of 2.456 7) Å (U=Namide=2.359 Å (av).; U=Namine=2.685 5) Å); these bond lengths are approximately 0.1 Å longer than the corresponding distances in 3, commensurate with the change in uranium oxidation state from (IV) to (III).
The amount of signal shadowing taken into account in the T-R distance difference range is commensurate with the degree of confidence.
Genetic 'rescue' of small fragmented populations (Dick 2001; Hoebee and Young 2001; Keller and Waller 2002; Hedrick 2005; Lowe et al. 2005; Bacles et al. 2006) suggests that these may be suitable seed sources for restoration although emerging evidence suggests that long distance gene flow is not necessarily commensurate with improved demographic responses (Byrne et al. 2007; Yates et al. 2007).
The local structure of BiTi3/8Fe2/8Mg3/8O3 reveals flexible coordination behavior of Ti4+ on the B site, which may play a similar role to the three Mn–O distances in the preferred J T distortion at Mn3+ here, but there is no B site ordering over any length scale in this commensurate system.
The local structure at HT is consistent with the average commensurate crystallographic structure, with a comparable range of Bi O distances (Table 1).
Confinement effects become important when the distance between two interfaces separating the liquid from its environment is commensurate with a characteristic length scale of the liquid; the dynamics of the liquid may then change dramatically.
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