And a former Pentagon official said complaints were usually followed by compliance.
Other nations would then come to realize that there are advantages to be gained by compliance.
"The culture persists - and it's being enforced by compliance department," Mr. Harrington said.
It was discovered by compliance personnel the next February as they prepared for the next N.A.S.D. review, Morgan said.
Thanks to the Bernie Madoff swindle, investors want to see sturdier back-offices staffed by compliance types.
Clinical efficacy, however, can be affected by compliance, and delayed or forgotten pill intake often occurs in daily life.
The programs have been plagued by compliance issues, and the legal arguments justifying the surveillance regime have been kept from view.
A provision on women's equality was left out to avoid a dispute after ultraconservatives insisted that women's equality should be qualified by compliance with religious laws.
Lizzie Harrison of SustainRCA, a research hub within the Royal College of Art, says: "Up to this point, it's fair to say that most of the fashion industry has been directed by compliance rather than innovation.
Each new fund that wished to trade with Deutsche Bank, known as a "counterparty," was subjected to a "double check" by compliance departments in London and Moscow, to insure that papers were in order.
According to the person familiar with Société Générale's control procedures, Mr. Rouyère and Mr. Cordelle, Mr. Kerviel's superiors, would have been contacted by compliance officers at Société Générale following up on the Eurex messages.
