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The overall algorithm can be looked up in Algorithm 1 at instance k.
A comparison of the concrete set of entities returned by tmChem and ChemSpot (see "Comparison at instance level" section), respectively, showed significant divergence.
Moreover, the comparisons at instance level indicate that the patterns of errors observed for FP counts are generally different for different types of patent texts, while they are nearly identical for FN counts.
Results in "Comparison at instance level" section have shown that there are several entities which are frequently observed in both lists of entities with highest FP and FN counts.
Each instance of the objects was associated with an element of activity (i.e., actor, instrument, environment, and artifact) according to the analysis framework shown in (Figure 1)The association was recorded at instance level (i.e., each appearance in the data) because one object could be categorized into more than one element, depending on the context where the object was mentioned.
end{aligned} (1) begin{aligned} mathrm{Sub}_L =max mathop sum limits _{i=1}^n mathop sum limits _{j=1}^k big {F(I_{x+partial x},I_{y+partial y},t+partial t),T_{i,j}big }. end{aligned} (2 The optimization equation of (2) require to model the "shift" at instance (partial ) [9].
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Writer inquires about what sort of language or speech an untutored baby would develop by looking at instances where children have been found in the wild.
Second, we look at instances where two different users ask and answer questions.
A random jammer transmits a jamming signal at instances derived from a uniform distribution with known minimum and maximum intervals.
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by diminished bone strength that increases the risk of fracture at instances of trivial trauma.
A further set of case studies looks at instances where fabric structures play an important role in preserving archaeological areas and allowing the sustainable management of heritage buildings.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com