As described above

USAGE SUMMARY

"as described above" is a correct and usable phrase in written English.
You can use it when referring back to something that was written before, for example: John had a great idea; as described above, the plan was to open a new shop.

✓ Grammatically correct

Science

Wiki

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

59 human-written examples

The motions as described above are simplifications.

Wikipedia

Blocking was as described above.

Plosone

Primary antibodies as described above.

Plosone

Quantitative PCR was continued as described above.

Plosone

Viral particles were produced as described above.

Plosone

TRACP staining was performed as described above.

Plosone

Peroxidase level was determined as described above.

Plosone

Motility was then performed as described above.

Plosone

Cell lysate was prepared as described above.

Plosone

Constructs were transfected as described above.

Plosone

The samples were homogenized as described above.

Plosone

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

When using "as described above", ensure that the reference is clear and the reader can easily locate the information being referenced. Avoid ambiguity by being specific in your descriptions.

Common error

Avoid using "as described above" when the referenced information is too far removed or spread across multiple sections. Instead, reiterate the key details or provide a more specific reference point.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "as described above" functions as an adverbial phrase that serves to create cohesion within a text. It directs the reader to refer to information that has already been presented. As Ludwig AI confirms, this phrase is commonly used and grammatically correct, enhancing clarity by linking back to prior details.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

Science

75%

Wiki

20%

Formal & Business

5%

Less common in

News & Media

0%

Academia

0%

Encyclopedias

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, "as described above" is a grammatically sound and very common phrase used to refer back to information already presented in a text. As Ludwig AI confirms, it's most frequently found in scientific and technical writing, as shown in the numerous examples from PlosOne and other science-related sources. The phrase enhances conciseness by avoiding repetition and ensures clarity by directing the reader to earlier details. While effective, writers should use this phrase judiciously and consider alternatives to avoid overuse. Correct usage involves making sure that the reference is clear and unambiguous.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

as previously mentioned

Emphasizes that the information was mentioned at an earlier point.

as noted earlier

Highlights that something was specifically noted or observed before.

as stated before

Focuses on the fact that the information was explicitly stated.

as explained previously

Highlights that a concept was explained in detail earlier in the text.

refer to the preceding explanation

More formal and explicitly directs the reader to the earlier explanation.

according to the above

A more concise way of referencing the information already provided.

in accordance with what was mentioned earlier

More formal and emphasizes agreement with prior statements.

following the method detailed above

Specifically points to a method that has been previously detailed.

using the process already defined

Emphasizes adherence to a previously defined process.

as demonstrated earlier

Highlights that something was shown or demonstrated previously, often in a visual or practical sense.

FAQs

How can I use "as described above" in a sentence?

"As described above" is used to refer back to information, procedures, or details that have already been presented earlier in the text. For example: "The experiment was conducted as described above, with slight modifications to the temperature settings."

What are some alternatives to using "as described above"?

You can use alternatives like "as previously mentioned", "as noted earlier", or "as stated before" depending on the context.

Is it okay to use "as described above" multiple times in the same document?

While it's acceptable to use "as described above", try not to overuse it. Vary your language by using alternatives or briefly restating the information to avoid repetition and improve clarity.

How does "as described above" differ from "as described below"?

"As described above" refers to information presented earlier in the text, while "as described below" refers to information that will be presented later. Make sure to use the correct phrase to avoid confusing the reader.