One is an Arcadian view of a mythical land of immense cultural, ethnic and linguistic richness, the cradle of enlightenment and Jewish emancipation and the birthplace of Joseph Roth, Manès Sperber and the parents of Sigmund Freud.
This blandly arcadian picture did not always inspire respect.
By 550 bce Tegea, Mantinea, and the smaller Arcadian towns had all accepted forced alliances with Sparta, and discord between the towns subsequently prevented them from uniting against Spartan power.
The former, imported from Italy, oozed nostalgia for an Arcadian golden age; its shepherds were courtiers and poets who, like the knights-errant of chivalric romance, turned their backs on reality.
His final works offer an early example of "arcadian good taste" (named for the Academy of Arcadians, of which he was a member), a style that was to dominate Roman art for the first half of the 18th century.
Some literary source of a romantic, Arcadian nature is generally assumed, since no Renaissance artist would include two mysterious figures devoid of meaning.
Scholarly rather than imaginative, he began to return to a genteel traditionalism having much in common with the earlier generation of Portuguese arcadian poets.
These complementary views of a countryside teeming with life celebrate the natural order of creation and present an Arcadian vision of humankind in harmony with nature.
The Athenian Themistocles, who had fallen from favour at Athens and spent time in the Peloponnese after his ostracism (perhaps 471), might have been behind that movement, though attempts to associate him with particular "synoecizing" developments in the Arcadian cities (i.e., developments whereby small communities coalesced into a single city) are speculative.
Some Arcadian states were certainly disaffected in the 470s and 460s and perhaps even anticipated 4th-century developments by forming a (numismatically attested) league of their own, though the chronology of this is far from secure.
Zacynthus was named for an ancient Arcadian chief; the 5th-century-bce historian Thucydides said that it was colonized by Achaeans from the Peloponnese.
