Further analysis revealed that LPS-stimulated LRG47-deficient macrophages display enhanced phosphorylation of p38, a downstream response associated with TLR4/MyD88 rather than IFN-beta/STAT-1 signaling.
In the active GTP-bound conformation, they interact with effectors to elicit a downstream response (Wittinghofer and Nassar, 1996; Herrmann, 2003).
In the reactive model, genotype and expression relate through the trait, so that gene expression changes are a downstream response to the trait.
UPR is a downstream response to stress in the ER allowing the cell to cope with the overload of unfolded/misfolded proteins (29).
Autoinducer binding inactivates the receptors' kinase activities, leading to dephosphorylation and inhibition of the downstream response regulator LuxO.
For example, the E3 ubiquitin-ligase SCFCOI1 complex may activate with the downstream response of the JA signaling through degradation of the JAZ repressor51.
The funnel shape around the proteins' native states can describe mechanisms of upstream signal integration and downstream response.
The results are compared with that from TEVA SPOT, which neither takes into account demand uncertainty nor downstream response from the source of contamination (attack).
Inclusion of downstream response and demand uncertainty on optimal sensor placement in water network systems show better sensor layouts with minimum impacts from contamination.
Indeed, the direct treatment of GC plants with both hormones led to the same altered regulation of PR-1 and PDF1.2 in response to salicylic acid or jasmonic acid, respectively, whereas by contrast, high cGMP level seems not to affect ethylene-induced downstream response (Supplementary Fig. S6).
Modelling MAPK pathway upstream inputs and downstream response using basic Michaelis-Menton kinetics describes increasing non-linearity (Hill coefficient) of the downstream response with successive addition of intervening kinases [55].
