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ATP supply is another critical factor that influences the production of succinate.
Numerous recent studies have identified contributors to control on both the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply side and the ATP demand side of ATP turnover.
The ATP supply from glycolysis/glycogenolysis (ATP deficit – ATP supply from creatine kinase reaction) during ischemia and recovery was almost constant, indicating that glycolysis/glycogenolysis is not a major source of ATP supply during partial ischemia.
In particular, important targets for RPP control include proteins involved in catabolic pathways that regulate ATP supply, and proteins that regulate major ATP-consuming cell processes such as transmembrane ion transport, gene transcription, and protein translation [3,14].
This results in activation of the bioenergetic cell stress sensor AMPK, which suppresses key enzymes involved in ATP-consuming anabolic pathways and increases cellular ATP supply.
Negative correlations between ATP and cytosolic glucose and maltose are consistent with increases of the latter putting pressure on ATP supply in the hexokinase reaction.
Higher SAM production without yeast extract was explained by enhanced ATP supply with inhibited cell growth.
These results suggest that high SAM production is attributed to the enhanced ATP supply with l-methionine condition and high efficiency of intracellular ATP consumption.
The strategy developed in this study would be useful to improve other bio-based productions involved in ATP supply such as glutathione and succinate (Hara and Kondo 2015).
Additionally, citrate was added and this demonstrated that improving the ATP supply had a positive effect on cell growth in the presence of acetoin stress.
These results suggested that ATP supply should be a rate-limiting step for SAM production in the methionine-supplemented condition (Fig. 1).
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