It was proposed that the binding of angiostatin to plasma membrane-localized ATP synthase may disrupt production of ATP and render endothelial cells more vulnerable to irreversible cell damage [ 37].
Independent of whether glycolytic insufficiency precedes or follows the process of T-cell aging, lower ability to generate ATP should render T cells sensitive to apoptosis and thus cause lymphopenia-induced T-cell turnover.
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the reduction of axonal ATP levels, thereby rendering the Na+, K+ -ATPase defective, compromising the ability for the axon to set up appropriate Na+ transmembrane gradients and inevitably initiating the axonal degenerative process [ 93].
It is reported that damage to the Na/K ATPase itself and/or subsequent impairment by the subnormal ATP production render neurons more sensitive to glutamate excitotoxicity [2], [17], [21], [22].
They also inhibit mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase inducing inhibition of ATP within the mitochondrial matrix, thus rendering it unavailable for myocardial cell contractility.
Indeed, K721A-EGFR, in which the lysine 721 to alanine mutation in the ATP-binding pocket renders the kinase dead55, is another example in which both aTKD and sTKD dimers form at the expense of oligomers (Fig. 7b).
Neonatal cardiomyocytes overexpresssing MAP4(Glu) were significantly more sensitive to ΔΨm and ATP loss in response to hypoxia challenge compared with vector control, whereas overexpresssion of MAP4(Ala) rendered the cells more resistant to such ΔΨm or ATP loss.
It could be argued that the pretreatment with 2, but not with fulleropyrrolidine 1, contributes to rendering the cells more responsive to ATP, leading to the pyroptosis [ 19] of MDM-LPS cells.
When expressed in breast cancer cells, the fusion transcript resulted in constitutive AKT phosphorylation and activity, rendering the cells sensitive to an ATP-competitive AKT inhibitor.
This decrease in ATP levels lowers the energy capacity of the cell, rendering them more vulnerable to high energy-demanding processes such as ischemia.
