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Ligustrazine significantly attenuated elevations in serum TNF-α level and myocardial ATP quantity.
The ATP quantity drops soon after cell death and results in a loss of luminescence in assay [ 34].
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To generate the required ATP, a proportional quantity of the reaction substrate must be catabolized.
When glucose is broken down to lactic acid, as occurs in some Lactococcus and Lactobacillus species, as well as in muscle cells in higher eukaryotes, each molecule of glucose yields only two molecules of ATP, and considerable quantities of glucose must be degraded to provide sufficient energy for bacterial growth.
The protein microarray assay exclusively uses radiolabeled ATP (Pγ-ATP) at a relatively low concentration (33 nM) compared to most kinase-substrate phosphorylation assays, which typically utilize micromolar quantities of ATP.
Cell samples were normalized to total cell protein and a standard linear calibration was used to determine the absolute quantity of ATP in each sample.
The spot intensities were converted into the quantity of ATP using a standard curve generated with [α-P]ATP.
The quantity of ATP was measured in a luminometer (Berthold; Detection Systems, Pforzheim, Germany) with the ATP Bioluminescence Assay Kit (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) following the manufacturer's instructions.
As shown in Figure 3, the irradiated keratinocytes treated by the use of BPN showed about the same quantity of ATP in comparison with the nonirradiated cultures.
Unlike CR yeast, chronologically aging non-CR yeast grown on 1% or 2% glucose are unable to generate significant quantities of ATP by oxidizing peroxisome-derived acetyl-CoA in mitochondria and, instead, produce the bulk of ATP via glycolytic oxidation of glycogen- and trehalose-derived glucose [ 39, 40].
This process requires high quantities of ATP because amino acid synthesis is energetically expensive.
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