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The methods just mentioned have been applied in restricted tasks, but have not solved the problem of comprehensive language interpretation.
If New Caledonian crows spontaneously solved the standard string-pulling problem, we predicted that their performance on the visually-restricted task might show whether insight or a perceptual-motor feedback cycle was the cognitive mechanism behind such behaviour.
To address this prediction, we provided naïve crows with access to a mirror (Figure 1b) so they could potentially follow the meat's movement from a side-on angle when pulling the string in the visual-restricted task.
Experienced crows made fewer errors in the visually-restricted task when they looked down the hole before attempting a pull-step.
Two of the four crows solved the visually-restricted task when it was possible to obtain visual feedback via a mirror: Slevin in trial 3 and Ronia in trial 5.
Interestingly, Owl switched from a bias for side-stepping in standard string pulling to one for double-stepping in the visually-restricted task.
Crows in the experienced group took between 1 6 trials (3.0±1.08) to solve the visually-restricted task and obtained the meat between 2 9 times (5.5±1.55) in their 10 trials.
One naïve crow, Angel, solved the visually-restricted task in five trials, first doing so on trial 5. Her string-pulling competence developed gradually.
A restricted instructor's manual is available to teachers.
A restricted maritime means lower supply and increased price.
A restricted set of phenotypes was scored.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com