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The cell membrane is a highly complex designed material with remarkable physicochemical properties; comprised mainly of lipid moieties, it is capable of self-assembling, changing morphology, housing a range of distinct proteins, and withstanding electrical, chemical and mechanical perturbations.
Interestingly, different ENMs engage a range of distinct pathways leading to the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production in macrophages, which include frustrated phagocytosis, physical piercing, plasma membrane perturbation or damage to lysosomes due to high aspect ratio, particle structure, surface reactivity, transformation, etc.
While the current protocols that use peripheral blood samples may provide abundant data, a range of distinct components of whole blood samples are required and the different anticoagulant systems employed may impair some properties of the biological sample and interfere with functional assays.
In solid state structures of organic molecules, identical sets of H-bond donor and acceptor functions can result in a range of distinct H-bond connectivity modes.
Thus, this choice of synaptic plasticity profiles provides the network the ability to produce a range of distinct phase relationships as the intrinsic period changes (Fig. 9a3).
The researchers showed that they were able to locate a range of distinct data, but they found that access to valuable forensic data, such as authentication and user action logs, varied between platforms [46].
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Using a rapid imaging-based virulence assay, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa activates virulence in response to attachment to a range of chemically distinct surfaces, suggesting that this bacterial species responds to mechanical properties of its substrates.
The primary objective of this study was therefore to survey wild red deer liver element concentrations across a range of geographically distinct populations during the Scottish red deer stalking season; and, in so doing, establishes element reference ranges while also exploring geographic and temporal variation and physiological factors.
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that encompasses a range of phenotypically distinct tumour types.
For a fixed error rate α, our approach investigates the significance of a hotspot, using a range of N distinct mapping thresholds, where N is the smallest hotspot size that is significant by the N-method.
Breathlessness and dyspnoea characterise a range of qualitatively distinct experiences of breathing discomfort, and therefore, outcome measures should arguably take account of patients' perceptions and the language patients use to describe the symptom [ 186- 188].
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