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r8s estimated divergence dates much older that the fossil record (about 40 My) and the BEAST estimates (about 30 My).
Gypsy and Copia full-length REs inserted between 10 and 30 MY ago are by far the most abundant, while recently inserted elements show low levels of redundancy.
Figure 7 suggests that intense retrotransposition waves have occurred, for some RE families of both superfamilies, between 10 and 30 MY ago.
Migration across a North Atlantic landbridge (NALB) has sometimes been used as an alternative explanation to Nearctic-Palearctic disjunctions, but this bridge disappeared by Mid Eocene -- i.e. about 30 My before the estimated divergence of the two varieties.
The average age estimates of most of the tribes imply that they originated within a 38 My time window (~47 - 85 My ago) about 30 My after the origin of Harpalinae (Tables 2 and 3, Figures 2 and 3).
Indeed, Africa's rainforests have diminished greatly since the early Cenozoic, and during the last 30 My a trend toward increasing aridity, coupled with repeated glacial phases, has left only small remnants of the once extensive blocks of rainforest [ 41].
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According to our results, no migration between the neotropics and paleotropics occurred for the remaining ≈30 My, illustrating the limited long-distance dispersal capabilities of Burmanniaceae species.
The capital letters correspond to clades in Figure 2. The combined molecular data suggest harpalines originated approximately 115 MY ago (Tables 2 and 3), but may not have diversified much until ~30 My after the origin of the subfamily.
June 4 at 8 30: "My Hustler" (1965, Andy Warhol and Chuck Wein).
| May 15 at 8 30: "My Name Is Kahentiiosta" (1995) and "Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man" (1997).
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