In the last decades of the 20th century, for example, both Livonian and Votic probably had fewer than 100 speakers.
The Lombard cities built tremendous cathedrals, simple in plan, during the 12th century; examples are Modena (1099 1184), Parma (1117 32), and Cremona (1129 1342).
Analytical results confirmed for these lake pigments a cochineal-based composition in both the 19th century and 20th century editions (as an example, see spectra of crimson lake in Figures 2 and 3).
For example, 20th century diatom β-diversity is not correlated to lake-water pH (r = 0.01, p = 0.47).
By way of example, ACRE's data has been fed into the 20th Century Reanalysis Project (20CR) (Compo et al. 2011).
For example, no obvious loss of genetic diversity was detected among Canadian peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) despite a population bottleneck in the 20th century [ 44].
(a) SERS spectrum of reference madder lake upon HF treatment compared to examples of SERS spectra obtained from Winsor & Newton madder lake-based pigments (λexc = 488 nm): (b) rose madder 20th century edition, (c) rose madder 19th century edition, (d) Rubens' madder 20th century edition, (e) Rubens' madder 19th century edition, and (f) warm sepia 20th century edition.
(a) Raman spectrum of reference carmine naccarat compared to examples of Raman spectra obtained from Winsor & Newton cochineal-based pigments (λexc = 488 nm): (b) crimson lake 20th century edition, (c) crimson lake 19th century edition, (d) scarlet lake 19th century edition, and (e) dragons' blood 20th century edition.
(a) SERS spectrum of reference carminic acid compared to examples of SERS spectra obtained from Winsor & Newton cochineal-based pigments (λexc = 488 nm): (b) crimson lake 20th century edition, (c) crimson lake 19th century edition, (d) scarlet lake 19th century edition, and (e) dragons' blood 20th century edition.
For example, it is estimated that approximately 231 million people died worldwide during the wars of the 20th century.
Some 30 examples of intricately patterned velvets dating from the 15th century to the 20th century include a fragment of 16th-century Chinese velvet embellished with the brocaded head of a dragon in gold thread; 17th-century Turkish velvets overlaid with rich gold and silver patterns; and Italian velvets spanning the 15th century to the 18th century, extravagantly patterned and richly colored.
