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University undergraduates taking part in a cold pressor procedure were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) participant alone (n=30), or (2) observer present (n=34).
Table 1 Frequency and ranges of tail vein extravasation activity values Percentage of injected dose remaining in tail vein [0 2] [2 5] [5 10] >10 Experiment 1 Observer A (n) 7 2 2 1 Observer B (n) 3 4 1 1 Experiment 2 Observer A (n) 11 3 5 0 Observer B (n) 7 5 3 1 Fig. 2 Frequency of tail vein extravasations depending on group and protocol time points.
The study had a 2 (participant sex) × 2 (observer sex) between subjects-design.
Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 treatment groups by computer, which allocated patients unstratified into the 2 observer groups in blocks of 20.
For example, observer 1 and 2, observer 1 and 3, observer 1 and 4, and so on to observer 1 and 8. Then observer 2 and 3, observer 2 and 4, observer 2 and 5 and so on to observer 2 and 8.
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COAs are distinguished according to who is doing the reporting of the outcome: (1) patient-reported assessments, (2) observer-reported assessments, or (3) clinician-reported assessments.
Interventions were categorized using Grande et al. guidelines and collated and summarized outcomes measures into three categories: 1) patient-reported outcomes; 2) observer-reported outcomes; and 3) doctor-reported outcomes.
Design: Repeated measures of ScLR by 2 observers.
Interobserver agreement was fair (κ = 0.37) for 2 observers for the overall diagnosis of UIP.
Immunohistochemical staining was independently evaluated by 2 observers.
(2) Observer-based assessment: this assessment, in the absence of a reference standard, is typically performed as a comparison of inter- and intraobserver agreements between digital and optical microscopy for specific pathology tasks.
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