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Fig. 2 Bile metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (a) and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (b) concentrations detected in European eels (Anguilla anguilla) collected from different area and eels from Morocco (Conger, Moray and European eel) as mean (triangles) and range (panels).
This study revealed that 1) V. parahaemolyticus recognizes its arrival in the intestine by sensing bile acids, 2) bile acids induce the transcription of Vp-PAI genes via VtrA and VtrB and 3) transduction of this signal facilitates fluid accumulation in the host.
CaMem t + 2 Bile t = 2 Ca t + 1 The term !Cat + !CaMemt requires a situation similar to the initial condition before bile stimulation, a steady state with low intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
Thus, for 11 variables (the meaning of which is indicated in Figure 1), we allow the three levels 0, 1 and 2: Bile, Ca, CaMem, NADH, Pot, ATP, AntiOx, Pores, CytC, Apt, Necr.
In Additional file 5, the degree of experimental confirmation is indicated: "experimentally confirmed" for most rules, "no experimental contradiction" for temporal constraints like (18) ATPt + … = 2 ATPt+1, in contrast to (6) !Cat + !CaMemt + 2 Bile = 2 comparecompare the subsequent section), "auxililary rule" for the equations for CaMem.
Hence, for the variable Bile we defined three levels for no, low (200 μM) and high (500 μM) stimulation with TLC-S, denoted in the format "2 Bile" for the logical functions of Table 1 and as "Bile.in.2"/"Bile.out.2" in the FCA rules described in Results.
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Perirectal swabs samples were plated directly onto 2 bile-esculin plates, 1 of which contained 6 µg vancomycin/mL to screen for VRE.
In mice lacking liver FoxO1 (L-FoxO1), 12-hydroxylated bile acids are reduced, while non-12-hydroxylated bile acids are increased.
A total of 15 bile acids, including primary and secondary bile acids, were measured in the plasma.
DCA treatment enriched (P < 0.0001) bile with DCA and tended to increase intralumenal cholesterol solubilized in micelles (P = 0.06).
CDCA treatment enriched (P < 0.0001) bile with CDCA and increased cholesterol concentration in micelles, whereas meal-stimulated bile acid concentrations were decreased.
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