Nursultan Nazarbayev has led Kazakhstan as president, since independence in 1991, extending his tenure through a series of constitutional revisions and elections in which he has faced only token opposition.
After independence in 1991, President Saparmurat Niyazov built a cult of personality, adopting the title Turkmenbashi – the father of all Turkmen.
Senna pipped the Frenchman to the title that year, saw Prost take it ahead of him in 1989, and was then crowned champion in each of the following two seasons, becoming the then youngest three-times champion in 1991 at the age of 31.
In the 1991 book that popularised that term, the sociologist James Davison Hunter recorded a European friend expressing surprise that Americans "typically conduct their lives in private and with little controversy".
(It wasn't to be: Graf was No1 for a record 186 consecutive weeks until Monica Seles took the crown in 1991).
This is exemplified in the 1991 Tailhook scandal, where more than 80 US naval women officers were sexually harassed by US naval pilots while attending a two-day symposium at a Las Vegas hotel.
After all, they point out, it's happened before – most famously in Orkney in 1991, when nine children were forcibly removed from their homes following interviews by social workers led by an individual who was subsequently accused of being "fixated on finding satanic abuse".
It feels like a long time since one film was guaranteed to sweep the awards, and it's been over 20 years since one film won all the major Academy Awards (The Silence of the Lambs, 1991, thank you, internet).
A regeneration bid in the form of the 1991 World Student Games had been intended to shake a still-dazed Sheffield back into action, and instil a strong sporting culture in this region.
Since joining the Murdoch empire in 1991, the 56-year old has risen through the ranks from Foxtel to Star TV and most recently running Sky Italia, which he joined as launch chief executive in 2002.
Mr Soutar began his career at 17 as a journalist in Dundee and became editor of Smash Hits in 1991.
