After that we derived a variable with four response patterns of adult respiratory symptoms by combining the response to each variable obtained at age 29: 0 no respiratory symptoms, 1 phlegm only, 2 cough only and 3 phlegm and cough.
As shown in Table 1, phlegm, qi deficiency, damp evil, blood stasis, lung and heart emotion are significantly associated with addiction relapse, comprising phlegm qi deficiency (P = 0.000, 95 % CI ,0.708 to 0.962).
Presentation of symptoms and signs on admission in TCM hospitals were, from most to less frequent: cough (99.3%), rales (84.8%), phlegm (83.3%), and fever (74.9%).
Our statistics results suggest that in both group1 and group2, phlegm is a risk factor for addiction relapse.
Similarly, for HIV+ participants, those with OLD reported more frequent respiratory symptoms when compared to those without OLD: cough 53.3% vs. 26.3% (p < 0.01), phlegm 60.0 vs. 31.3% (p < 0.01) and wheezing 60.0 vs. 35.8% (p < 0.01).
Subjects with anxiety and/or depression had lower scores in topics (1) epidemiology, (3) symptom, (4) breathlessness, (5) phlegm, (6) infections, (9) vaccination, (10) inhaled bronchodilators, and (11) antibiotics.
For CO tube measurements, there was a positive association with most respiratory symptoms, with the presence of any respiratory symptom (adjusted OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.81), phlegm (unadjusted OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.27), combination of cough and phlegm (adjusted OR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.66), and wheeze (adjusted OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.30) achieving statistical significance.
It consists of 13 subscales, each of which assesses a topic of COPD knowledge: (1) epidemiology, (2) aetiology, (3) symptom, (4) breathlessness, (5) phlegm, (6) infections, (7) exercise, (8) smoking, (9) vaccination, (10) inhaled bronchodilators, (11) antibiotics, (12) oral steroids, and (13) inhaled steroids.
Although subjects with anxiety and/or depression had lower scores in (1) epidemiology, (3) symptom, (4) breathlessness, (5) phlegm, (6) infections, (9) vaccination, (10) inhaled bronchodilators, and (11) antibiotics, knowledge of topics (1) epidemiology and (6) infections was found to be a risk factor for anxiety and/or depression in COPD patients.
We examined the effect of 13 key topics of COPD knowledge measured by BCKQ, including (1) epidemiology, (2) aetiology, (3) symptom, (4) breathlessness, (5) phlegm, (6) infections, (7) exercise, (8) smoking, (9) vaccination, (10) inhaled bronchodilators, (11) antibiotics, (12) oral steroids, and (13) inhaled steroids [ 15].
The capsaicin provocation also induced significantly greater symptoms in the chemical-sensitive group for heavy breathing (p < 0.001), difficulty getting air (p < 0.01), chest pressure (p < 0.05), phlegm (p < 0.05), throat irritation (p < 0.01), hoarseness (p < 0.01), rhinorrhoea (p < 0.001), and eye irritation (p < 0.05).
