Exact(10)
Of the 1,919 recaptured snails, I excluded from growth estimates 60 mixed-species infections, 1 outlier (Additional file 1, Figure S2), and 92 snails with undetermined initial size, gender, or infection status (including immature infections).
Univariate analysis of covariance was conducted (n = 87; 1 outlier) with sex as a fixed factor and height, weight and log-transformed age as covariates.
Athichanagorn et al. (2002) proposed a seven-step procedure for processing of permanent downhole gauge data as follows: (1) outlier removal, (2) denoising, (3) transient identification, (4) data reduction, (5) flow rate history reconstruction, (6) behavioral filtering, and (7) data interpretation.
The first case of k = 1 (1 outlier in 30 samples) may exist, but is often neglected.
We excluded 1 outlier from the CT measurements (number 7).
The difference, however, between it and the lateral transgluteal approach was not statistically significant due to 1 outlier with a damaged MCSA of 35%.
Similar(50)
The mean ± SD number of times a participant responded to the daily text message over the 3-week period was 18.9 ± 4.1 (range 14 – 21; one outlier 3).
We found a significant isolation-by-distance relationship between Iliamna Lake populations even if we ignored habitat differences between them, although determination coefficients were low for all three sets ('No Outliers' R2 = 0.06; 'Outlier 1' R2 = 0.07; 'Outlier 2' R2 = 0.15).
Structure results with the outlier loci removed (2 outlier loci under putative positive selection, 20 outlier loci under putative balancing selection, or both) showed much the same results as the 60 and 59 loci datasets.
In the genetic analyses, we identified 22 outlier loci responding to divergent selection (Table S6) and 12 outliers indicative of balancing selection (Table S7).
The data set for outliers is obtained according to Dixon's [22] 'Outlier Model' like ( N − r ) ∼ N ( 0, 1 ) + r ∼ N ( 0, 5 ).
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