This study included five land use types and 216 sites: terrace (18), grassland (114), forestland (48), sloped cropland (20) and dammed field (16).
A further comparison indicated that for forested protected areas, forest covers 81.0% and 63.6% of the core and surroundings respectively (t = 12.9, n = 550, p<0.001), and cropland covers 2% and 6.7% (t = −8.2, n = 550, p<0.001).
The sample size differed by LUCa: agroforestry: 25, forest: 181, cropland: 178, settlements: 63, grassland: 90.
The sample size differed by land use category: agroforestry: 25, forest: 181, cropland: 178, settlements: 63, grassland: 90.
In particular, further analysis of ongoing evolutionary change in cropland weeds is important because (1) most cropland weed species exhibit considerable adaptability, (2) cropland agriculture is continuously changing, and (3) further research on weed adaptability is needed to design cropping systems to address evolutionary change.
Tsai et al. (2010) and Jien et al. (2010) estimated SOC stocks of 63 forest soils (excluding Histosols and Spodosols) and 140 cropland soils in the upper 100 cm depth, indicating that converting forestlands to croplands can significantly result in SOC stocks loss.
The Soil Moisture Active Passive Validation Experiment (SMAPVEX-12) field campaign provided SWC and physical properties from 50 cropland fields to assess the influence of soil organic carbon (SOC) on SOC variability in a range of SOC, SWC and soil textural class over a 6 week period.
First, we performed spinup simulation of the model for deciduous broad leaf forest, C3 grassland and C4 cropland (only with ORCHIDEE-FM).
We used a University of Maryland modification of the IGBP scheme (Land Cover Type 2), which we compiled into 4 land cover categories: (1) natural vegetation, including barren or sparsely vegetated areas; (2) water; (3) cropland or cropland mosaic; and (4) urban.
To classify the image of 2010, 21 patches (cropland), 15 patches (vegetation), 5 patches (settlement area) and 5 patches (grassland) were collected using the same GPS.
Woody wetland (25.7 %), evergreen forest (19.9 %), and agricultural lands (pasture/hay, 15.5 %; cropland, 11.5 %) were substantial sources of urban growth (Fig. 6).
