Whilst it may be argued that a state has less resources available during armed conflicts, which would naturally lead to a lesser degree of the rights' realisation, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has introduced a concept of 'minimum core obligations' of the Covenant rights (CESCR 1990, para 10).
This obliges obligation-holders to (i) facilitate the realisation of rights by taking "positive initiatives to enable the full enjoyment" and (ii) provide "direct or indirect state services when individuals or groups are unable, for reasons beyond their control, to realise the right themselves by the means at their disposal" (see respectively, CESCR 1999a, para 15; CESCR 1999b, para 6).
The Committee has also emphasised that the minimum core constitutes an immediately realisable obligation for state parties, which, once established, may not be retrogressed from (see CESCR 1990, para 10).
The Committee stated that any retrogressive measures would "require the most careful consideration and would need to be fully justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant and in the context of the full use of the maximum available resources" (CESCR, 1990: para 9).
The concept of a minimum core of human rights was introduced by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), and stipulate a minimum standard, or 'floor' of fulfilment of rights which no state party may fall below, regardless of the allowance in Article 2(1) of 'progressive realisation' of the rights enshrined in ICESCR.
The CEscr equation, a typical creatinine-based equation, was another well-performing formula with impressive accuracy.
If cystatin C is not available, the CEscr equation is an acceptable alternative.
If cys C is not available, the CEscr equation is an acceptable alternative.
Performance of the CEscr equation was preceded only by the Cscr-cys equation in the <80 year subgroups.
Among all the Cscr-cys equations, the elderly Chinese-developed creatinine-based (CEscr) equation performed best in this specific population.
33 The newly developed Chinese population-based equations (CEscr and Cscr-cys) performed outstandingly in the original development dataset.
